你知道衢州是孔氏后人的家乡吗？

孔子的家乡不是在山东吗？孔氏后人的家乡怎么会在衢州？

南宋时期，孔子后裔为躲避战乱扈跸南渡，来到衢州，形成孔氏南宗，衢州也就有了“东南阙里、南孔圣地”的称谓。

这段历史要从孔子第四十八世嫡长孙孔端友讲起......

Do you know Quzhou is hometown of the descendants of Confucius?

Wasn’t Confucius’ hometown in Shandong? Why the hometown of the descendants of Confucius is Quzhou?

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the descendants of Confucius came to Quzhou to escape the war and established themselves as the southern branch of the family. This led to Quzhou being referred to as the ‘Southeast Ancestral Land of Confucius,’ and ‘Home of Southern Confucianism’.

The story begins with the 48th-generation direct eldest grandson, Kong Duanyou......

大宗南渡：孔子家庙，缘何南北两分？

北宋靖康二年（1127），金兵攻破了汴京（今河南开封），北宋王朝因此覆灭。为了防御金兵的侵扰，宋高宗避敌扬州。然而，不久后金兵又围攻了山东。孔子第四十八世嫡长孙孔端友，深知自己肩负着保护曲阜祖庙和孔氏家族传承的重任，在这危难之际，孔端友做出了一个重大决定：他带领孔门的精英，携孔子及亓官夫人楷木像、唐吴道子所绘的“先圣遗像”以及宋政和年间所赐的铜印等传家之宝，一同随高宗南下。而孔端友的胞弟孔端操则带领族人留在曲阜，守护祖业。

建炎三年（1129），金兵南下逼近扬州，宋高宗定都临安（今杭州）。为表彰孔端友等人护驾南渡，特赐其庙宅于景色秀丽，远离战乱的浙西衢州，“礼仪皆如从前”。自此，孔子后裔在衢州定居，修建家庙，弘儒授徒，从而开创了“孔氏南宗”的分支，也缔造了“儒风南渐”的历史篇章。

Southward migration of Confucius family: why was the ancestral temple divided?

In the second year of Jingkang during the Northern Song Dynasty (1127), the army of Jin (then called Jurchen) breached Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng in Henan), leading to the downfall of the Northern Song Dynasty. Emperor Gaozong of Song later moved to Yangzhou to avoid the enemy. However, Jin’s army besieged Shandong soon after. In this crisis, well aware that he shouldered the responsibility of protecting the ancestral temple of Qufu and the inheritance of the Confucius family, Kong Duanyou made a major decision. Carrying valuable family heirlooms such as the mini-statue of Confucius and Lady Qiguan, the “Remained Image of the Saint” painted by Tang artist Wu Daozi, and the bronze seal bestowed during the Zhenghe era of Song, Kong Duanyou led the elite disciples of the family and followed Emperor Gaozong in his southward migration. At the same time, Kong Duanyou’s brother Kong Duancao led the rest of the family to stay in Qufu to protect the ancestral property.

In the third year of Jianyan (1129), Emperor Gaozong of Song established his capital in Lin’an (present-day Hangzhou). In recognition of Kong Duanyou and others to escort the emperor’s migration, they are granted an ancestral temple in Quzhou with the same attire and rituals as before. Since then, the descendants of Confucius had settled down in Quzhou and promoted Confucianism, thus creating the Southern branch of Confucius and starting a historical chapter of “Southward introduction of Confucianism”.

孔洙让爵：忠孝两难，是走是留？

如果说“大宗南渡”的故事展现了孔氏家族对家国的忠义，那“孔洙让爵”则是南孔嫡裔对家族深厚情感的体现。

南宋一百多年间，孔氏南宗有六代公爵，衍圣公孔洙是孔子第五十三世孙，生活在宋末元初。元世祖忽必烈统一中国后，为巩固政权需要，依旧倡导尊孔崇儒。至元十九年（1282），元世祖诏孔洙从衢州北迁，载爵回曲阜主持祭祀。然而，此时的孔洙面临着两难的抉择：一方面，“先祖庙墓在衢”，自己无法舍弃；另一方面，若不离弃先祖庙墓，又将违背圣意。面对这忠孝两难的局面，思索过后，孔洙向元世祖请求，将自己的衍圣公爵位让给他在曲阜的族弟，自己留在衢州守护家庙。元世祖听闻十分赞赏孔洙，称赞他：“宁违荣而不违道，真圣人后也！”

于是，在衢州孔氏南宗的礼让之下，曲阜的孔治于1295年获“衍圣公”世袭爵位。孔洙作为德让的楷模，为南孔后裔树立了典范，奠定了南孔文化的精神基调。

Kong Zhu relinquished the title of nobility: dilemma of loyalty and filial piety

If the story of “Southward migration” shows the loyalty of the Confucius family, then “the relinquishment of the title of nobility” is the embodiment of the deep love for the Southern Confucius family.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Southern branch of the Confucius family had six generations of Dukes. Kong Zhu, Duke of Yansheng, was the 53rd-generation descendant of Confucius and lived from the end of the Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. After Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, unified China, he still advocated Confucianism in order to consolidate the political power. In the 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1282), Kublai Khan decreed that Kong Zhu should leave Quzhou and return to Qufu to preside over the sacrificial ceremonies. At this time, however, Kong Zhu faced a dilemma: on the one hand, he could not leave behind the ancestral temple and tomb in Quzhou; on the other hand, if he did not leave, he would violate the emperor’s will. Faced with this dilemma of loyalty and filial piety, Kong Zhu asked the emperor to transfer his title of nobility to his brother in Qufu and let himself stay in Quzhou to guard the ancestral temple. The emperor highly appreciated Kong Zhu, praising that he “prefer[s] to abandon glory rather than the moral principles,” and “he is truly a descendant of the saint!”

As a result, Kong Zhi of Qufu was granted the hereditary title of “Duke of Yan Sheng” in 1295. As a model of virtue and modesty, Kong Zhu set an example for the descendants of the Southern Confucius family and laid the spiritual tone of Southern Confucianism.

洙泗遗风：弘儒授徒、重教兴学

洙泗二水，地处我国山东省，是孔子春秋时讲学的圣地，“洙泗之风”早已成为繁荣文化的象征。南宋时期，受南孔家庙之熏陶，衢州地区书院林立，多达11所，众多知名学者纷至沓来，如朱熹、徐霖、孔元龙等人都曾在柯山书院等地讲学，实乃洙泗遗风。不仅如此，儒风南渐，衢州书院的蓬勃发展，有如涓涓细流，为江南地区书院的发展注入了源源不断的活力。南宋时期重教兴学之风逐渐盛行，形成了燎原之势。

自元朝孔洙让爵之后，孔氏南宗的地位崇高不再，生活艰辛，却依然秉持祖训，致力于衍圣弘道，传承家族文化。于是，他们走出家门，或为学官，或为山长，著述儒家经典，讲授儒家学问，从而使南孔文化由庙堂走向了民间。衢州孔氏后裔在浙、闽、赣、苏等地，担任各级学官，推动江南书院的建设与发展。据记载，杭州四大书院中有三所由南孔后裔主持，其中包括闻名遐迩的万松书院。

近代，孔子第七十三世嫡孙孔庆仪将孔氏家塾转型升级为孔氏完全小学，积极推行平民教育。

直到今天，孔氏南宗所散播的儒学之风，已成为衢州的文化基因，润泽着江南百姓。南孔文化更成为凝聚当代衢州人的精神纽带之一。

Legacy of Zhu Si: promoting Confucianism, encouraging and respecting teaching and learning

The two rivers of Zhusi, located in Shandong Province, are the holy land of Confucius’ lectures during the Spring and Autumn Period. The “wind of Zhusi” has long been synonymous with prosperous culture. During the Southern Song Dynasty, under the influence of the Quzhou Confucius ancestral temple, Quzhou area had a great number of academies, as many as 11. Many famous scholars came to Quzhou, such as Zhu Xi, Xu Lin, and Kong Yuanlong had lectured at Keshan Academy and other places, which is a legacy of Zhu Si.

Not only that, as the wind of Confucianism gradually spread to the south, the vigorous development of Quzhou academies, like a trickle, has injected a steady stream of vitality into the development of academies in the regions south of the Yangtze River. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the atmosphere of encouraging and respecting teaching and learning gradually prevailed.

Since Kong Zhu relinquished the title of nobility in the Yuan Dynasty, the status of the Southern Confucius family is no longer lofty. Although their life was difficult, they still adhered to the ancestral instructions and committed to the promotion of Confucianism and the inheritance of family culture. At that time, they went out of their family, either as school officials or mountain commanders, wrote Confucian classics, taught Confucianism, so that the Southern Confucius culture moved from the court and temple to the folk.

The descendants of Confucius in Quzhou served as academic officials at all levels in Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, and other places to promote the construction and development of Southern academies. It is recorded that three of the four major academies in Hangzhou were presided over by descendants of the Southern Confucius family, including the famous Wansong Academy.

In modern times, Kong Qingyi, the 73rd-generation grandson of Confucius, transformed and upgraded the family school of Confucius into a primary school of Kong and actively promoted education for the masses.

Until today, the wind of Confucianism spread by the southern Confucius family has become the cultural gene of Quzhou and empowers the people of the regions south of the Yangtze River. Southern Confucius culture has become one of the spiritual ties that unite contemporary Quzhou people.

南宗复兴：南孔后裔的今生今世

弘治十八年（公元1505年），衢州知府沈杰上疏朝廷，指出孔氏南宗“衣冠礼仪，猥同氓庶”，请求朝廷为衢州孔氏后人恢复爵位。这一请求得到了批准，孔子第五十九世宗子孔彦绳于次年获封翰林院五经博士，子孙世袭。自此，中断224年的孔氏南宗袭封得以恢复，标志着孔氏南宗在历经曲折后，终于踏上了艰难的复兴之路。

民国时期，尽管社会动荡不安，但政府对孔子的尊重与推崇并未减弱。1914年，北洋政府颁布了《崇圣典例》，授予南宗新的封号——奉祀官，而北宗仍沿袭衍圣公的封号。南宗的最后一位奉祀官是孔子第七十五世嫡长孙孔祥楷先生。1999年，他被衢州市政府任命为衢州孔氏南宗家庙管理委员会主任，正式掌管家庙事务。如今，家庙的管理工作由孔令立先生主持。作为孔子第七十六代嫡长孙，孔令立先生秉承“衍圣弘道”的使命，坚定致力于传承与弘扬儒家学说，为衢州南孔文化的延续和发展不懈努力。

Revival: present life of the descendants of southern Confucius family

In the 18th year of the Hongzhi era (1505), Shen Jie, the magistrate of Quzhou, submitted a memorial stating that the Southern branch of Confucius in Quzhou had been endowed with the same attire and rituals as the common people. He requested the court to restore the title of nobility to Kong Yansheng, the 59th-generation descendant of Confucius. This request was granted, and Kong Yansheng was given the hereditary title of “Official Scholar of Five Classics at the Hanlin Academy.” From this point on, the Southern branch of the Confucius family, after 224 years, had its hereditary title restored, marking that it finally set foot on the difficult road of revival after twists and turns.

In the period of the Republic of China, the government’s respect and admiration for Confucius did not weaken despite the social unrest. In 1914, the Beiyang Government during the warlord period promulgated the “Code for Worshiping the Saint.” The northern branch of the Confucius family continued to be called the Duke of Yansheng, while the southern branch was granted the title “Official of Fengsi” (Official in Charge of Sacrificial Ceremonies). The last Official of Fengsi in the Southern branch was Mr. Kong Xiangkai, the 75th-generation direct descendant of Confucius. In 1999, he was appointed as the director of the Management Committee of Quzhou Confucius Ancestral Temple. Today, Mr. Kong Lingli, the 76th-generation direct descendant of Confucius is in charge of the Ancestral Temple. Mr. Kong is committed to the inheritance and promotion of Confucianism and makes unremitting efforts to develop the Southern Confucius culture in Quzhou.

浙江省社科联社科普及成果

成果名称：“南孔文化”古与今（中英双语）

负责人：刘影

推荐单位：衢州学院