衢州为何是“南孔圣地”？

因为这里有世界唯二的孔氏家庙。

孔庙全世界不是有2000多座吗？

是的，普通的孔庙，也称孔子文庙，是有上千座，但是家庙却只有两座。康熙年间兵部尚书李之芳的一幅碑文里提到“孔氏之家庙者，惟曲阜与衢州耳。”

那普通的孔庙和家庙有什么区别呢？

孔庙，又称夫子庙，是历朝历代为了纪念中国伟大教育家孔子在各地修建的祠庙，是官府、学子及百姓祭祀孔子之地。而家庙，则是指由孔子后人中嫡长子和嫡长孙世代居住并奉祀孔子及历代先祖之地。孔氏后裔继承祖志，修身进德，著书立说，孔氏家族成为文化深厚的家族。

Why is Quzhou the “Home of Southern Confucianism”?

Because it has one of the only two Ancestral Temples of Confucius in China.

Aren’t there over 2000 Confucius temples in the world?

Yes, there are thousands of Confucius temples, but there are only two Ancestral Temples of Confucius. During the Kangxi Reign of the Qing Dynasty, Li Zhifang, the Minister of Military Affairs, mentioned in an inscription that “Among the temples dedicated to Confucius, only the ones in Qufu and Quzhou are the Ancestral Temples that belong to the descendants of Confucius.”

What is the difference between ordinary Confucius temples and Ancestral Temples of Confucius?

Confucius temples have been established all over the country in different dynasties to commemorate the great Chinese educator Confucius. It provides places for scholars, students and ordinary people to worship Confucius. However, Ancestral Temples of Confucius are where descendants of Confucius live and pay homage to Confucius and their ancestors. Descendants of Confucius inherited Confucianism, focused on self-cultivation and moral development, and wrote many books, so the Confucius family clan became a deeply cultured lineage.

家庙突出“家”字，是天下孔庙的原型，其彰显的是儒家的“原型文化”。公认的家庙只有两座，称为北南宗，北宗在山东曲阜，南宗在浙江衢州。我们今天走近孔庙，看看这个“家”庙中的儒家“原型文化”？

从宋朝开始，孔氏家庙就历经三毁三建，现存孔氏家庙是由孔子第六十世嫡长孙、翰林院五经博士孔承美建造并居住的，因建于新桥街，又称新桥街家庙。孔氏南宗家庙由孔庙、孔府和后花园组成，是衍圣公南渡至衢州后，“仿曲阜之制”（赵汝腾语）。

走进孔庙，这里的一草一木，一阁一堂、一庭一殿、一匾一画，无不散发着孔氏家族的祖训气息，彰显出屹立千年的家规力量。

孔庙的中轴线是由庙门、大成门、西庑、思鲁阁、大成殿和东庑组成，其中最具特色的建筑是思鲁阁，而最气势恢宏的是大成殿。庙门前的八棵银杏树和大成殿前的四棵柏树，已有五百多年的树龄了。

The prominent feature of Ancestral Temples of Confucius is “family”. It is the prototype of Confucius temples in the world, and it embodies the “prototype culture” of Confucianism. There are only two recognized Ancestral Temples of Confucius in the world, known as the southern and northern Ancestral Temples of Confucius. The northern one is located in Qufu, Shandong, and the southern one is located in Quzhou, Zhejiang. Let’s approach southern Ancestral Temples of Confucius today and see “prototype culture” in this “home” temple?

Since the Song Dynasty, the Ancestral Temple of Confucius has gone through three damages and three constructions. The existing one on Xinqiao Street in Quzhou was built and lived by Dr. Kong Chengmei in the Ming Dynasty. He was the 60th grandson of Confucius and the Official Scholars of Five Confucius Classics at the Hanlin Academy. The Ancestral Temple of Confucius is made up of the Confucius Temple, Confucius Mansion and Back Garden. It was built after the south journey of Duke of Yansheng to Quzhou, and was “modeled after the layout of Qufu” (as noted by Zhao Ruteng).

Walking into the Confucian Temple, you will find every blade of grass, every tree, every pavilion, every courtyard, every hall, every plaque and every painting show the family motto of Kong, and the power of it for thousands of years.

Central Axis of the Confucian Temple concludes: Temple Gate, Dacheng Gate, West Wing, Silu Pavilion, Dacheng Hall, and East Wing. Silu Pavilion is the most special building，and Dacheng Hall is the most magnificent one. Eight ginkgo trees in front of Temple Gate and four cypress trees in front of the Dacheng Hall, are now over 500 years old.

思鲁阁——不忘故里、不忘祖训

鲁，是孔子诞生地鲁国的简称。思鲁阁，顾名思义就是思念故土，思念“家乡”曲阜，是南孔家庙的独特之处。孔氏后人自宋代孔子第四十八世嫡长孙孔端友南迁建家庙于衢州后，非常思念故乡，便建造了一座独一无二的建筑。每当逢年过节，乡愁袭来，衢州孔氏族人便登上思鲁阁，北眺故里，倾诉离别之愁。“思鲁”不仅有告诫孔氏子孙不忘故里之意，也有希望他们不忘孔子的家训以及他们的责任。

古时，思鲁阁阁上的神龛内安放着孔子及亓官夫人楷木像，是孔庙最珍贵的祖传瑰宝。

阁下矗立镇庙之宝——“先圣遗像”碑。它是根据唐代画圣吴道子的名作《孔子行教像》，由孙孔端友在碑上摹刻而成，是世人普遍认同的孔子像。吴道子根据《论语述而篇》中的一句话：“子温而厉，威而不猛，恭而安”，了解了孔子的性格特征，又因唐代以丰腴的体态为美，于是就创作出了这个慈祥和蔼版的孔子形象，画中他雍容大度，双手作揖，温文尔雅。

（摄于衢州孔庙）

Silu Pavilion: don’t forget family motto and their responsibilities

Lu is the abbreviation for the birthplace of Confucius. Silu Pavilion, just as its name implies, carries the meaning of “missing hometown of Confucius”. Silu Pavilion is a unique building in Quzhou Confucius Ancestral Temple. After Kong Duanyou, the 48th grandson of Confucius, settled in the south to build the family temple in the Song Dynasty, he missed the hometown very much and built that unique pavilion. Whenever there are festivals and homesickness strikes, descendant of  Confucius in Quzhou climb up to the Silu Pavilion, gaze north into their hometown, and express their sorrow for parting. Silu Pavilion not only reminds the descendants of Confucius not to forget their hometown, but also hopes that they will not forget Confucius’ family motto and their responsibilities.

In ancient times, Silu Pavilion housed the mini-statue of Confucius and Lady Qiguan. It is the most precious ancestral treasure of the Confucius Temple. In the lower part of the pavilion, there is a “Remained Image of the Saint” inscription, on which is carved the painting sage Wu Daozi’s famous work Portrait of Confucius’ Teaching by Kong Duanyou, the 48th generation grandson of Confucius. This painting is widely recognized by the world. According to a sentence “he is gentle and yet firm, powerful but not aggressive, respectful and calm.” from “The Analects of Confucius”, Wu Daozi knew his personality. Because of the aesthetic preference for the plump bodies in the Tang Dynasty, so Wu Daozi painted the image of Confucius making a bow with hands folded in front with a round body. Confucius was very gentle, elegant and tolerant in the picture.

大成殿——万世师表、生民未有

大成殿是孔氏家庙的主殿，所谓“大成”，来自《孟子·万章下》，孟子说：“孔子之谓集大成。集大成也者，金声而玉振之也。”匾额“生民未有”是雍正皇帝所书，意为从古至今，没有人能比得上孔夫子，出自《孟子·公孙丑上》。书中主要记录了孟子与其弟子公孙丑的对话，其中“自生民以来，未有夫子也！”和“自生民以来，未有盛于孔子也”，表明子贡对孔子的高度称颂，认为自有人类以来，没有人能比得上孔夫子，没有人在教育界比他的成就更高。如今“生民未有”匾额就是向世人展现孔子在儒家文化中的至尊地位。

大成殿内高悬的“万世师表”匾额，是康熙皇帝所书，既是对孔子一生成就的高度称颂，也彰显了孔氏家族在中国教育界的崇高地位。孔子在30岁时创办儒家私学，开门授徒，传授礼仪，学费低廉，不在聚财在传礼。他提出“有教无类”的教育原则，推动教育普及，意在打破了“公学”的垄断，扩大了教育对象，取得了“弟子三千，贤者七十有二”的教育成就。

殿中悬挂了一副对联，是乾隆皇帝的御书。上联为“气备四时与天地鬼神日月合其德”，下联为“教垂万世继尧舜禹汤文武作之师。”大成殿内正中祀奉有孔子坐像，和思鲁阁里和蔼可亲的孔子形象不同，此孔子像是万师之表的帝王形象，庄严肃穆，冠十二旒（天子冕冠前后各悬垂的十二条玉串），着十二章（帝王龙袍上要有十二种花纹）。两旁侍立着孔子儿子孔鲤，及孙子孔伋的塑像。孔鲤与孔伋是标准的古代公侯形象，冠九旒，着九章。孔伋是著名的教育家和思想家，他继承并发展孔子学说，据考证著《中庸》，是儒家五大圣人之一。在大成殿奉祀祖孙三代（孔子，孔鲤及孔伋）是南孔家庙之所以是“家庙”的重要特征。

The Dacheng Hall: teacher for all generations, no one can be compared with him

The Dacheng Hall is the main hall of the temple. The name Dacheng was from Mencius, Book of a Hundred Chapters. In that book, Mencius said, “Confucius is called the one of Dacheng—the gatherer of great achievements. The gatherer of great achievements is one whose words are as resounding as metal.” The inscription on the plaque “Sheng Min Wei You” was written by Emperor Yongzheng, meaning that there has never been a person like Master Confucius!” It was from the book Mencius: Gongsun Chou. The book mainly recorded the dialogue between Mencius and his disciple Gong Sunchou, in which sentences like “Since birth of the human being, there has never been a person like Master Confucius!” and “Since the birth of the human being, there has been no person better than Confucius”, indicated Zigong’s high praise for Confucius. He firmly believed that in the history of humanity, no one can be compared with Confucius, and no one is better than him in education. Nowadays, the plaque of “Sheng Min Wei You” in Quzhou Confucius Ancestral Temple is a display of Confucius’ supreme position in Confucian culture to the world.

The plaque “Wan Shi Shi Biao (teacher for all generations)” hanging high in the Dacheng Hall was written by Emperor Kangxi. It not only highly praises Confucius’ lifelong achievements, but also highlights the noble status of the Confucius family in China. At the age of thirty, Confucius established private school and started teaching students virtues not for money but for teaching etiquette. He proposed the educational principle of “education without discrimination”, promoted the popularization of education, aimed at breaking the monopoly of “public schools”, and expanded the scope of education. He had educational achievements of having 3000 disciples, and 72 excellent talents.

A pair of couplets hanging on both sides was written by Emperor Qianlong. The first line means Confucian moral cultivation is so high that his energy is in harmony with greatness of nature. It emphasizes the nobility of Confucius’ moral qualities. While the second line means after inheriting the moral education from many legendary emperors, Confucian continues to develop his educational theory and pass down to future generations. It stresses on his profound influence in the field of education.

In the center of the Dacheng Hall, there is a seated statue of Confucius, which is different from the amiable image of Confucius in the Silu Pavilion. This statue of Confucius has the standard image of an ancient emperor who is solemn and dignified, with a twelve-pearl-string crown (the emperor’s crown hanging with twelve jade strings) and a twelve-feudal-seal robe (the emperor’s dragon robe with twelve patterns).

On both sides of the statue of Confucius, there stand the statues of Confucius’ son Kong Li and grandson Kong Ji. Kong Li and Kong Ji have the standard image of a ancient duke, with nine-pearl-string crowns and nine-feudal-seal robes. Kong Ji inherited and developed Confucianism, he became a famous educator and thinker. It was widely accepted that he wrote the Doctrine of the Mean, he was also one of the five great sages of Confucianism. The important feature of the Quzhou Confucius Ancestral temple is to worship the three generations of Confucius and his direct descendants (Confucius, Kong Li, and Kong Ji) in the Dacheng Hall. That is the reason why the Southern Confucian Family Temple is a “family temple”.

浙江省社科联社科普及成果

成果名称：“南孔文化”古与今（中英双语）

负责人：刘影

推荐单位：衢州学院